Asexual reproduction in the honey bee fungal pathogen Ascosphaera apis

Katherine A. Aronstein1, Keith D. Murray1,2, Robert A. Cramer3, Thomas Eubanks4

1USDA/ARS, Honey Bee Research Unit, Weslaco, 2413 E Hwy.83, TX 78596, USA

2Weslaco, 2413 E. Hwy.83, TX 78596, USA

3Montana State University, Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA

4University of Texas-Pan American, Department of Chemistry, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA

Ascosphaera apis is an important fungal pathogen of honey bees. A. apis produces sexual spores (ascospores) that are the primary infective agent of chalkbrood disease. Honey bee larvae can be infected with A. apis by ingesting larval food contaminated with ascospores. By contrast, asexual reproduction has never been described in A. apis, although it is a widespread form of propagation in Ascomycetes. Since asexual reproduction does not require mating, it allows rapid production of large numbers of conidia (mitospores), and their subsequent dispersal into new areas. This study thus fills an important gap in current understanding of the developmental cycle of an important fungal honey bee pathogen. Herein we describe asexual reproduction in A. apis and discuss its potential role in host pathogenesis and in the dissemination of this infectious bee disease in the environment. Considering the worldwide spread of chalkbrood disease and the lack of EPA approved drugs to cure it, an understanding of the A. apis life cycle is an important factor in the design of a disease management program.

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