Hodgson Laboratory

The first specimen of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB)  in Iowa was confirmed last February in Cedar Rapids. Since then, several other dead BMSB have been confirmed by our ISU Insect Diagnostician, Laura Jesse. Recently, there have been some live detections near Davenport and Bettendorf, Iowa.

Brown marmorated stink bugs have a marbled coloration, and white-banded antennae. Photo by Laura Jesse, ISU. 
These stink bugs are established along the east coast for about a decade. They have been migrating westward in the U.S. When they invade a new area, they are typically considered an urban pest. They attempt to overwinter in human structures similar to boxelder bugs and multicolored Asian lady beetle. But they eventually become a pest of fruit and field crops. Adults and nymphs will probe fruit and leaves, causing necrotic spots. BMSB feeding can severely deform soybean, and cause "stay green" along soybean field edges. 
Stink bug feeding during the seed fill stage can cause deformation, shrinkage and discoloration in soybean. Photo by Galen Dively, University of Maryland. 
At this time, we don't know if BMSB is established in Iowa, or if a few individuals have hitchhiked here. If you suspect BMSB around your home or buildings, submit samples to the ISU Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic. Instructions for submitting samples can be found here.

Someone recently asked me if aphids make sounds when approached by predators. I thought it was a really interesting question, and not just because it was about my favorite insect! I am not aware of aphids making noise when threatened, although they do have other defense mechanisms I may share at a later time. But it did get me thinking about insects that can make noise and how sound is generated a few different ways.

Cicadas probably come to mind as a well-known noise maker. The males can produce sound, sometimes up to 120 decibels - technically loud enough to cause hearing loss in humans! They have a thin membrane on the outer abdominal wall, called a tymbal. As the abdominal muscles contract and relax, it causes the tymbal to click. Cicadas rapidly vibrate the membrane and the sound amplifies in enlarged air chambers in the abdomen. Each species would have it's own "song" to attract females.

Periodical cicada, www.ipmimages.org.
Most insects stridulate, or rub body parts together, to make noise. In most cases, the males stridulate to attract mates. Crickets and katydids have serrated teeth on the edges of their wings that form comb-like structures. They drag the combs against each other to create sound. But they rub the wings so fast that it just sounds like a chirp. Crickets have four types of chirps: a loud calling song to attract females, a quiet courting song when a female is near, an aggressive song to repel other males, and a brief song after mating. Crickets chirp at different rates depending on the species and temperature. The relationship of cricket chirping is also called Dolbear's Law.

Field crickets use their wings to create sound. Photo by David Cappaert, Michigan State University, www.ipmimages.org. 
Other insects, like grasshoppers and beetles, scrape their legs to make sound. Grasshoppers have stiff peg-like spines on the hind legs that they rub against their wings. Some long-horned grasshoppers will rub their front legs together for their species-specific "songs."

Striped slant-face grasshopper with stiff spines on the hind leg used for stridulation. Photo by Gerry Fauske, North Dakota State University. 
Some insects use their heads or even their mouthparts to make clicking noises. But perhaps the weirdest noise-making insect I discovered was the tiny water boatman. This aquatic insect can "sing" at 99 decibels by rubbing its penis against his abdomen. Don't ask me how scientists thought of researching this idea or how they collected the data.

The tiny water boatman can generate a very loud sound, www.bbc.co.uk. 
I found a few nice websites that have audio clips of insects making noise. Enjoy!

Insect Sounds, www.naturesongs.com/insects.html

Bug Bytes, www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/person/3559/soundlibrary.html

Songs of Insects, www.musicofnature.org/songsofinsects/index.html

In 2012, we worked at several ISU Research Farms, including: Northwest, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and Johnson Farms. We were working mostly in soybean but also had several corn trials this year. Plots are drying down quickly and we are preparing for the last step in our summer research - harvest! Usually it goes pretty slow for us because we have to stop often to weigh grain in every plot. Some of the farms have automatic scales on the combine - otherwise we have to weigh grain by hand.